An Empirical Investigation between FDI, Tourism, and Trade on CO2 Emission in Asia: Testing Environmental Kuznet Curve and Pollution Haven Hypothesis

This study aims to analyze the influence of foreign direct investment, tourism, exports, and imports on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in High-Income State, Upper-Middle Income, Lower-Middle-Middle Income Asia during period 2010 2019. uses Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method. The results this indicate that Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis (EKC) is valid country High Income. In addition, there a non-linear relationship between investment (FDI), Export, emissions. interaction variables, which are with tourism Export. Each them reducing only high-income countries. Meanwhile, variables reduce However, it increases upper-middle-income